Caves: The World Beneath the World

Back to the Cave!

If you are stretched and squeezed by everyday life, then you might be in perfect shape to explore caves.

Enter
a narrow natural passageway that may lead to simply mind-boggling
underground world - to get away from the depressing sights like these...
Caves may lurk right under your feet: a fascinating and unexpected
environment, which is often known only to spelunkers and dedicated
Gollum-seekers.

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Gruta do Lago Azul, Bonito, Brazil. (photo by [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]

"Symphony of Stones" (how aptly named) -

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Garni caves in Armenia. (photo by eco culture)

Fairyland Cave Formations

Caves
are a fairyland of delight, from the burning hot enclaves to the
glacial ice mazes. Thousands of years of dripping water, eroding stone
and budding minerals create a silent world of mystery and beauty...
Graceful arches, giant crystals... silent but for the sound of water
dripping and bubbling through.

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A "Wishing Well" at Luray Caverns in Virginia (photo by Declan McCullagh)

The
most common type of caves form when slightly acidic rainwater trickles
into the crevices of limestone and gradually widens the cracks as it
dissolves the stone. Centuries of water, supersaturated with minerals,
dripping from cave roofs cause stalagmites and stalactites to form (see here).

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(image via)

One
thing to keep in mind during cave exploration: though these structures
are made of minerals, they are generally extremely thin and fragile,
many of them are quite rare, and can be damaged or destroyed by touch
alone. Calcite (the mineral which forms many cave structures), for
example, is soft enough to be scratched by a fingernail.

Some of the cave and rock formations:
- Flowstone (also known as a Bacon formation)
- Cave Pearls
- Soda Straws
- Helictites
- Anthodites (or Aragonite)
- Bottlebrush formation

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(image credit: Dave Bunnell)

Probably the most comprehensive cave-exploration site on the net is that of Dave Bunnell...
You can spend hours there, wandering around pages, cataloging whimsical
underground structures, oozing rock and dripping stone.

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(Gruta do Mimoso, Brazil)

Largest Cave Systems

We mentioned the Jeita Grotto - the largest cave system in the Middle East- in our recent Lebanon article. The longest known stalactite in the world is found there at 8.2 meters long.

- The deepest known cave is Voronya Cave in Abkhazia, Georgia and has been explored to a depth of 2191 meters.

- The longest continuous cave system yet explored is Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, covering 591 kilometers.

Let's have a short world tour of the most interesting caves, why don't we? We'll start with North America -

Already mentioned Luray Caverns
in Virginia are full of celebrated speleothems formations, calcite
crystals of abnormal shapes - all formed when the chambers were
completely filled with water, highly charged with acid. The acid began
to eat away the softer material, resulting in ornate pinnacles and
arches...

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(image credit: Alejocrux)
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(image credit: Declan McCullagh)

One of the deepest known cave pits, Fantastic Pit in Georgia's Ellison's Cave descends 586 feet (179 meters) in a straight tunnel:

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(image credit: Michael Nichols, National Geographic)

Glacial Caves and Ice Caverns

Some ice caves must rather be called "glacier caves", which can simply astound with the intensity of ice color:

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(image credit: Jenna and Tim Dickinson)

Here is a wonderful page of ice caves photography by Jason Gulley:

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(images credit: Jason Gulley)

No sign of Superman or Megatron there yet:

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Mount Kenya's Ice Cave Bobby Model, National Georgaphic)
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Ice Cave in Matanuska Glacier, Alaska - photo by George F. Mobley, National Geographic

A lot of ice caves grow "hair" - ice extrusions, some are quite strange-looking:

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(image credit: Ian Mckenzie)

Brazil: Crystalline Underground Waters

Mato
Grosso do Sul region in Brazil (and especially the quiet town of
Bonito) boasts many marvelous underground lakes: Gruta do Lago Azul,
Gruta do Mimoso, Aquário Natural. Intricate limestone formations and
grottos hide the intensely-colored pools and waterfalls (many adventure
tours there feature diving, some pools are more than 100 meters deep):

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(images via)

Limestone caves in the same region offer fantastic exploration:

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(images via)

Venezuela: Cave of the Ghost

Cueva del Fantasma
is big enough for two helicopters to fly into it, but it's not
technically a cave - rather, a collapsed gorge. It does, however, sport a
huge waterfall right inside of it:

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(image via)

Iran: tremendous cave system

Katale Khor
is a cave dating back to the Jurassic period. It's one of the "snow
caves" in the Southwest Zanjan province and connects to other caves - a
huge underground infra-structure which can hide who knows what
(definitely anti-American... wink wink). See more pictures here

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(images credit: Ali Majdfar)

Can't get enough images of Iran's natural beauty? See our previous articles... a country full of great sights and dubious politics.

Vietnam: Hang Thien Cung cave

There are plenty of caves in Vietnam, and just like in China, many are illuminated with garish colors. (see here). But sometimes even artificial light takes back stage to the incredible rock textures:

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(image credit: Tai Vo)

Mexico: Giant Selenite Crystals!

In
2000, one of the most unusual and splendid caves was found in Mexico by
miners. Located only a mile from an upthrust of magma, this cave is
112 degrees Farenheit and at 90-100% humidity, limiting greatly the
amount of time explorers can spend in it. It is a spectacular cave,
with gigantic crystal formations thought to be 600,000 years old.

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(photos by Javier Trueba / Madrid Scientific Films, image via)

The
crystals formed underwater; as water saturated with calcium sulfate
heated in the cavern selenite molecules crystallized and grew,
undisturbed, to giant proportions. The cave was drained (by unknowing
miners) in the 1980's and stopped the process of growth. Who knows what
we may find further on, in the heat and water?

A description of one photographer's attempt to document this cave is here.

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(images credit: Richard Fisher)

"It
is unquestionably magical that the cool white rays of moonlight can
originate deep underground in a black chamber that is, at least in my
perception, white hot." (Richard Fisher, photographer, comments on the
huge selenite crystals.)

A Giant Geode

Geodes are
normally formed by volcanic or sedimentary geologic activity - a cavity
in the rock is formed, inside which crystals begin to grow, such as
amethyst, quartz or a number of others. Most geodes are small enough to
fit in your hand, but this one is large enough to climb inside. The
crystals found here are gypsum. - More info.

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(images credit: Javier Garcia-Guinea)

The largest Geode Cave in US is located in Ohio: Crystal Cave, check it out.

Ancient Cave Cities

Khosrov Caves in Armenia served as a shelter to ancient tribes - in a perfectly cinematic location:

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(image credit: 18:18)
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(photos by Raffi Kojian and eco culture)

We wrote about Cappadocia cave city in Turkey before. But you might not be aware that more modern establishment makes its home there - a luxury hotel!

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Considering how hot it can get outside, it definitely provides a welcome coolness:

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(images via)

This PC case mod would fit right there, in that cave hotel room:

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(case mod by Mashie)

Then again, there's a wildly original Stockholm subway station, seemingly built inside a natural (in reality - blasted) cave :

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"Metro on Mars":

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(image credit: Hannes R.)

(see if you can spot Arnold Schwarzeneggerr hiding behind a column somewhere, trying to refresh his memory)

The
mystery of caves runs wild through the imagination of writers and
artists. A typical adventure story might lure the hero inside some
hidden world, with glimmer and sparkle, only to leave him trapped and
confused. It's been said that exploring the human heart is akin to
venturing into a cave: dark, mysterious realm - fraught with danger and
fear - yet full of wonder and beauty.